10月GMAT阅读机经：弗洛伊德的梦.

　　伴随着10月小长假的匆匆过去，大家可不要因为假期而松懈哦，因为马上就迎来了GMAT机经换库的日子，10月GMAT机经换库了，现在就由澳际小编来为大家整理十月份的GMAT阅读机经整理，下面是关于GMAT阅读机经的相关问题，希望对大家备考GMAT考试有所帮助。

　　原始

　　[原始1]

　　开头写一个科学家认为梦是“通往人内心的神圣的路”这句有考到，然后废话一堆。第二段写另外两个科学家对梦的看法，讲了梦的形成。做了一个实验。他俩是坚决反对第一个科学家的。这里也有考题问他俩一定不会同意什么观点。结尾是作者自己的观点。他认为以上两种观点都有可取之处，但也都有局限性。

　　考古

　　[考古0] 09年5月JJ(2013年10月狗主确认)梦

　　第一段：弗罗伊德的思想：梦境是人最内心的表现是人对意识的回应。可以用心理学什么的来解释，认为梦对于研究人的潜意识有很重要的意义。后来科技发展，人们发现了梦只在睡眠的REM( RAPID EYE MOVEMENT)时期发生

　　第二段：M&C两个科学家反对F的说法：说梦是FOREBRAIN (前脑, 壮年人发达的脑部) 向。。发射neuron产生的，是random的，useless的，只是对白天记忆的反映

　　第三段：另外两个科学家, 也反对F的观点。他们发现发射的那些NEURON是用来erase抹去 false memory的;梦不是无意识的，而是因为人类在清醒时产生的很多意识如果积累太多会有坏处而做梦就可以清除这些意识。理论好像是"reverse XX"

　　第四段：只有这两方面的研究还是不够的。虽然F的理论是不太对的，但在某些方面还是有意义的

　　第五段：反驳：新发现大脑里面的神经元即FOREBRAIN process的那些信息是有规律的,所以使M&C(还是第三段的那两个人?)的理论有局限(这里有题)

　　问题：

　　1、最后一段作用。最后一段是在说第二段提到的C理论的不足。

　　2、第二段的人同意的观点

　　3、第二段的研究者会反对以下哪个观点。我选的是认为梦有意义

　　4、第二段C&M和第三段的神经学家都会同意什么观点?即共同点是什么。我选的二和三都认为梦都是对memory的反映

　　5、作者对F理论的态度

　　[考古1] 元枢整理版(2012年11月)

　　***主题思路

　　弗洛伊德理论 →被第二段完全反驳 → 第三种观点出来 → 第三种观点找到和第一二种观点的不同和相同。

　　***段落大意

　　*第一段： 弗洛伊德的梦的解析。

　　F人的思想(Dream Theoy, 说梦境是对人类潜意识的反应response，可以用心理学什么的来解释。梦是人类最内心最真实的表现。

　　*第二段：新想法，F对于梦的分析是错的。

　　M和C反驳F的说法，认为梦是没有作用的。他们举例用大脑的神经元来证明。他们分析了梦在大脑中的发生位置，发现梦是Forebrain(前脑, 壮年人发达的脑部)。发射neuron产生的，说明梦是无意义meaningless和random的，dream只是对白天的记忆的反映

　　*第三段：另外两个人的观点也反对F，他们部分第二段的人观点

　　又出来两位新的科学家，他们认为梦是有无意识的。同样是对白天记忆的回忆。因为人类在清醒时产生的很多意识如果积累太多有坏处，而做梦可以清除这些意无用的意识。神经发射的那些NEURON是用来erase抹去 false memory的;理论好像是"reverse XX"

　　*第四段： 反驳F和MC的观点，某种程度也对他们的成果予以肯定

　　两位科学反对F的观点，然后承认F的观点还是有用的。两位科学家认为大脑里面的神经元并不能支持M&C人的理论"。大脑里面的神经元即FOREBRAIN process的那些信息是有规律的,所以使M&C的理论有局限。

　　***注意

　　1. 3段心理学家的观点是什么;F同意什么，第二段的同意什么;第三段的支持观点

　　2.第一段和第三段，第二段和第三段科学家观点的相似之处

　　3.第二段和第三段的科学加对弗洛伊德观点的态度

　　***题目

　　1、最后一段作用。

　　最后一段是在说第二段提到的C理论的不足。

　　2、第二段的人同意的观点

　　3、第二段的研究者会反对以下哪个观点。

　　我选的是认为梦有意义

　　4、第二段C&M和第三段的神经学家都会同意什么观点?即共同点是什么。

　　我选的二和三都认为梦都是对memory的反映

　　5、作者对F理论的态度

　　- 认为对于理解梦和**的关系是 a single significant tool.

　　- 认为对于认为梦q起了重要作用

　　我在这两个选项中犹豫了，最后选了后者

　　[考古2]

　　08年3月的JJ

　　V1

　　5段，讨论关于不同时期，研究人员对于睡眠研究的差异并做了评论.

　　V2

　　这篇超长,五大段,不过内容很简单)讲梦的,第一段提出F人的思想,说梦境是人最内心的表现,他们也提出个理论

　　第二段,说M&C两个人反驳F的说法,认为梦是useless,还说大脑里面的神经元什么的,来证明

　　第三段,说另外两个人,跟M&C两人的想法差不多,理论好像是""reverse什么什么""

　　第四段不记得了

　　第五段反驳说大脑里面的神经元并不能支持M&C人的理论" 题目记得清楚的是 第二段提出的理论和第三段提出的有什么相似的地方,大家看的时候注意下

　　V3

　　"关于睡眠研究的，这个之前的24号有人考到了。

　　第一段 大意是佛洛依德的梦的解析说道梦是对人类意识的反应，可以用心理学什么的来解释，M&C这两人的研究证明不是如此。

　　第二段就讲了这两个人的研究，分析了梦在大脑中的发生位置，说明梦是无意义是random的。

　　第三段另外两个的人的研究也反对F的观点，说梦不是无意识的，而是因为人类在清醒时产生的很多意识如果积累太多有坏处，而做梦可以清楚这些意识。

　　下一段说其实光有这两方面的研究还是不够的。

　　后面就说虽然F的理论是不太对的，但是在某些方面还是有意义的。

　　(记得不是很详细了，不误导了)"

　　V4

　　第一篇是关于dream的研究 讲弗洛伊德以及另外两个学者的观点 第一段说弗洛伊德认为梦对于研究人的潜意识很重要的意义 而第二段的研究者认为梦没有什么意义 只是对白天的记忆的反映 有一题考第二段的研究者会反对以下哪个观点 我选的是认为梦有意义 第三段的研究者在梦的观点上有一点与研究者二相同 有一题问这个相同点是什么 我选的二和三都认为梦都是对memory的反映 最后一题好象是问作者弗洛伊德观点的看法

　　V5

　　记得一篇是关于Freud和其他几个人关于睡觉做梦的说法,5段,前面的人已经说了. 有个问题是问最后一段有什么作用;有个问题是C&M和神经学家的说法的共同点;另一个好像是C&M和神经学家的观点不同之处

　　V6

　　"长的就是梦的研究那一片

　　FREUD觉得梦是unconcious的体现。后来科技发展，人们发现了梦其实只在睡眠的REM( RAPID EYE MOVEMENT)时期发生

　　二段是说两个科学家发现梦是FOREBRAIN向。。发射neuron产生的，是无意义的

　　三段又是两个科学家，他们发现发射的那些NEURON是用来erase false memory的,分析FREuD和其他人的区别

　　最后一段说新发现， FOREBRAIN process的那些信息是由规律的，从而使三段那两个科学家的研究有了局限(这里有题)"

　　V7

　　"4 关于睡眠和梦的大意如下：(大概是这个结构，但由于文章长，没细抠每句话的意思)

　　第一段提出F人的思想,说梦境是人最内心的表现,他们也提出个理论 REM

　　第二段,说M&C两个人反驳F的说法,认为梦是useless,还说大脑里面的神经元什么的,来证明 什么什么

　　第三段,说另外 一个C， ,跟M&C两人的想法 又有不同 ,理论好像是""reverse什么什么""

　　第四段 说虽然F的理论是不太对的，但是在某些方面还是有意义的。

　　第五段反驳说C人的理论 也不完全对

　　文章和参考文献提到的很像，但又不完全是，不知道是不是因为这样反而混淆了我的感觉，反正文章结构清楚，但题不好选。"

　　"Q1 最后一段作用，这个简单，最后一段是在说第三段提到的C理论的不足。

　　Q2 第二段的人会同意啥?

　　Q3 第二段和第三段的人都会同意啥?即一致的地方是什么

　　Q4 作者对F理论的态度：

　　认为对于理解梦和**的关系是 a single significant tool.

　　认为对于认为梦q起了重要作用

　　我在这两个选项中犹豫了，最后选了后者"

　　V8

　　4.弗洛伊德的梦那篇，之前的JJ很详细了，我就不赘述了

　　疑似原文

　　Dream Theories

　　First and foremost in dream theory is Sigmund Freud. Falling into the psychological camp, Dr. Freud&aposs theories are based on the idea of repressed longing -- the desires that we aren&apost able to express in a social setting. Dreams allow the unconscious mind to act out those unacceptable thoughts and desires. For this reason, his theory about dreams focuses primarily on sexual desires and symbolism. For example, any cylindrical object in a dream represents the penis, while a cave or an enclosed object with an opening represents the vagina. Therore, to dream of a train entering a tunnel would represent sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this dream indicates a suppressed longing for sex. Freud lived during the sexually repressed Victorian era, which in some way explains his focus. Still, he did once comment that, "Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar."

　　Carl Jung studied under Freud but soon decided his own ideas differed from Freud&aposs to the extent that he needed to go in his own direction. He agreed with the psychological origin of dreams, but rather than saying that dreams originated from our primal needs and repressed wishes, he felt that dreams allowed us to rlect on our waking selves and solve our problems or think through issues.

　　?More recently, around 1973, researchers Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley set forth another theory that threw out the old psychoanalytical ideas. Their research on what was going in the brain during sleep gave them the idea that dreams were simply the result of random electrical brain impulses that pulled imagery from traces of experience stored in the memory. They hypothesize that these images don&apost form the stories that we remember as our dreams. Instead, our waking minds, in trying to make sense of the imagery, create the stories without our even realizing it -- simply because the brain wants to make sense of what it has experienced. While this theory, known as the activation-synthesis hypothesis, created a big rift in the dream research arena because of its leap away from the accepted theories, it has withstood the test of time and is still one of the more prominent dream theories.

　　Let&aposs look a little deeper into what actually happens in the brain when we dream.

　　参考文献：What is the Function of Dreaming? (Ghazal Zekavat)

　　Plutarch, a Greek biographer and author (circa 46 - 125 AD) (1) is credited to having said, "all men whilst they are awake are in one common world: but each of them, when he is asleep, is in a world of his own." (2) Plutarch is essentially speaking of the phenomenon of dreaming. The idea that the mind creates its own world while asleep is quite thought-provoking. What is it about sleep that takes us to another world? Where does this other world come from? What purpose, if any does dreaming serve? One school of thought suggests that dreaming is a product of random electrical activity that the cortex tries to interpret (3) that really serves no purpose (4), while another insists that the purpose of dreaming has come about as a byproduct of evolution (4). Which story is right?r rather, less wrong?

　　It will first prove helpful to understand the process of sleep. Sleep is a dynamic activity controlled by neurotransmitters acting on different neurons in the brain. We sleep in cycles of 5 stages: 1, 2, 3, 4 and Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Light sleep occurs during stage 1, where a person can easily drift in and out of sleep. People waking up from stage 1 sleep often experience flashbacks of fragmented images, and/or sudden muscle contractions called "hypnic myoclonia" which usually precede the sensation of just starting to fall. In stage 2 sleep, brain waves slow down and eye movement stops. Stage 3 and 4 are collectively called "deep sleep" as it is usually very difficult to wake someone up in either stage. During stage 3, delta waves (very slow brain waves) appear, interspersed with smaller faster waves which leave altogether during stage 4. During the REM stage, we experience shallow, irregular and more rapid breathing, our eyes move rapidly in various directions, our limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed, our heart rate and blood pressure increase, and males develop penile erections. When someone wakes up during the REM stage, they often describe outlandish, unfounded tales ?those which we call: dreams. (5)

　　REM sleep begins with signals being sent from the pons to the thalamus which then relays the signals to the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain used for learning, thinking, and organizing information, so this is an important point. Infants tend to spend much more time in the REM stage than adults, possibly for this very reason, that the REM stage stimulates the brain regions used in learning. (5)

　　Many scientists believe that the random electric activity is just that ?random. They then assert that the cortex creates stories in order to makes sense of the signals being generated. (6) In late 2000, Antti Revonsuo published a paper in "Behavioral and Brain Sciences," asserting that the content of our dreams is not as disorganized as the aforementioned theory claims and that there is an evolutionary explanation to dream content. In essence, Revonsuo is suggesting that dreaming was selected for during our evolution, (7) but why would this happen?. Stating that waking experiences have a consistent and profound fect on dream content, Revonsuo hypothesizes that there is a biological function to dreaming ?to stimulate threatening events and rehearse the perception and avoidance of threats. Revonsuo argues that the ancestral human lifespan was short and full of threatening situations, therore, any mechanism that would stimulate these situations and play them over and over in different combinations would be advantageous for improving threat-avoidance skills. Finally, Revonsuo asserts that this ancestoral mechanism has lt some traces in the dream content of the present human population.

　　Since one cannot be certain of the validity of a hypothesis, it will prove helpful to discern which hypothesis seems "less wrong." Revonsuo&aposs idea about the original purpose of dreams simply provides us with a more complete look at the story behind dreaming. That is to say, it is by no means a complete idea on its own. While it is interesting to think that some of the content of our dreams may have had an evolutionary function, it should be noted that dreams are not predictable. (8) Each person experiences life differently, and through dreaming, can create experiences that will be unique to them, therore entering a "world of his own" as Plutarch suggested.

　　As modern-day humans, we are not faced with the same limitations as our ancestors. Our survival and chances of reproduction have little to do with our threat avoidance capabilities. So, if we assume that dreams initially served as a feature of evolution, what function, if any, does dreaming serve in humans presently? On the one hand, we could revert back to the original theory, with a twist. We can suggest that dreaming serves no real function at present. For example, people having suffered through traumatic ordeals often complain of nightmares. Dreamless nights would in fact be helpful in these situations, as far as mental health is concerned. So while dreams are sometimes a welcome escape from reality, other times reality is a welcome escape from our dreams. On the other hand, dreams perhaps serve a more fundamental purpose nowadays. In recalling our dreams, we are able to learn about ourselves using a broader spectrum of information. Above all, it is important to keep in mind, that we are all different. We therore experience the world differently, react differently, and dream differently.

　　以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容，考生朋友可以有选择的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助，但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。