10月GMAT阅读机经：原始人的牙齿.

　　转眼间小长假就这么过去了，就迎来了每个月GMAT机经换库的日子，10月GMAT机经换库了，现在就由小编来为大家整理十月份的GMAT阅读机经整理，下面是关于GMAT阅读机经的相关问题，希望对大家有所帮助。

　　原始

　　[原始1]

　　有一个研究hominid的迁移和居住时间规律的，这是一个长期存在的问题，文章主要是介绍了一个新的方法可以解决并弄清其迁移的季节性还是地域性。这种测试方法是通过测试他们牙齿上的一种mark，然后可以通过上面的一个什么物质来判断临死前吃的最后一种食物，通过判断食物来判定hominid是每年seasonal迁移还是居住在一个地方一段时间以后离开。文章极长，大概有5、6段

　　[原始2] 一个测HOMINID的方法 真不记得了。。。。

　　考古

　　[考古1]

　　V1 by angellmason

　　一个科考话题，确定一类早期的人或动物的活动啥的，然后用了一个新的方法，可以通过测定好像是牙齿呀什么的东西来确定他们的活动。(文章太长了，记不住)

　　V2 by paulinezhu

　　一个是研究一种什么动物的化石来确定hominid.一个科考话题，确定一类早期的人灵长类动物的活动，是一下子在山洞里呆很长时间不出去还是每次很短，但是会呆很多次，然后用了一个新的方法，是研究一种早期人的食用的某种试草动物的牙齿化石，可以通过测定好像是牙齿上面的残留的植物的化石的来确定他们的活动。文章有6段，很长。最后文章结论说两种洞居的情况都有。我记得有一个加强题，问什么finding会支持说残留物可以让科学家得出结论，我选了当时那些植物一直都有，有可能不对，我的逻辑是有植物才能确定时间，这个标准每年不。选项还有说人当时不仅捕捉被研究的这种生物，还捉别的生物，还说人也吃那些植物。另外有一个highlight的题目，带一个meal字，问的是作者最同意选项里面那句。我选了最后一项，说通过检查化石，科学家知道动物死以前吃的是什么。

　　V3 by Poodle1223

　　有人猿jaw 和 rough food , 这个有题问according to the article, .....established 什么， 选项居然有jj里面的人猿可以同时接触到rough /unrough food.但是我觉得不是这个，推导顺序反

　　V4 by Cannybs

　　第2篇，蛮长的，好像有5段，讲一些研究者要研究一下一个什麽种族的人(hominid)在某地居住的情况和时间，然后方法是就去研究一些食草动物(u打头的一个专有名词)的化石，但文章有解释意思就是食草动物，还查看他们的牙齿上teeth/dental的wear(应该是磨损的意思)，研究发现这些wear在吃东西的时候产生，但是之后的会erase previous ones(此处有考题). 后面几段好像说发现这些wear里有difference还是invariance,而且还有seasonal的特点，由此可以确定它们吃的食物的类别，不记得了，最后一段：由此可以说明什麽在hunting 少的时候，好像是说这些人住得短，如果hunting多的季节，就相反，这里可能有点出入，大家仔细看，等后人补充。

　　V5 by catking2005

　　还是做得很差……好长好长

　　V3里那个人猿可以同时接触到rough /unrough food.那个选项的意思是古人类可以把食物加工成怎样的或怎样的，这个题目好像是要削弱文章结论

　　V2里另外有一个highlight的题目，带一个meal字，问的是作者最同意选项里面那句。我选了最后一项，说通过检查化石，科学家知道动物死以前吃的是什么。那句高亮的句子大意是说“多亏了最后的晚餐”，就是说动物死之前吃的神马东西可以对研究作出项献。这题我同意原狗主人的观点。尽管我因为把meal看成了meat，而选项里又讲了plant，所以选了另外一个答案……

　　V6 by sherrycc

　　个highlight的题目，带一个meal字，问的是作者最同意选项里面那句。我选了最后一项，说通过检查化石，科学家知道动物死以前吃的是什么。

　　其他想起来再补充吧~~~额。。。。不记得了

　　V7 by DexJ

　　说明：关于hominid的文章应该有两篇，一篇应当是关于hominid活动与食草动物化石研究的;另一篇是我今天碰到的，主要讲通过古今化石对比研究生物特性，hominid仅是一个例子。

　　P1:Paleontologists 通过对比生物化石与今天生物特征，来推断古代生物的习性。比如，发现TyrannosaurusRex(暴龙)有fang(毒牙)，就推断它是一种predator。However, new research indicates that 即便化石显示出了一种特性，这种生物也不一定did so.

　　P2: 科学家惊讶地发现古人类有着强力的jaw和chewing muscles, 却仅仅吃general diet。(Scientist would be astonished to findthat hominid that has tough jaw and chewing muscles only on general diet. )

　　P3: 在M地区的Hominid中里既有强力teeth and jaw, 也有稍弱的。这样，在年景不好的时候，那些比较强的就过得更好些，从而得以pass their genes.

　　Q1: 主旨题。

　　Q2: 根据科学家的发现可以infer什么?hominid中存在both types(强的和不强的)

　　Q3: 以下哪个与P2中说的情况相似。

　　A...(忘了，但好排除)

　　B…(忘了，但好排除)

　　C.一种动物的tail既能驱赶insects又能balance its body

　　D.一种动物在黑暗中视力很好，但only active in day time(我选这个)

　　E…(有迷惑性，选择时请留意)

　　V8 by lifanscut

　　第二篇传说中的hominid

　　这篇实在是巨长，我见过有史以来最长的文章，六段还是五段，反正两屏，但是有JJ，心里有底喽~

　　研究一种什么动物的化石来确定hominid.，确定一类早期的人灵长类动物的活动，是一下子在山洞里呆很长时间不出去还是每次很短，但是会呆很多次，然后用了一个新的方法，是研究一种早期人的食用的某种试草动物的牙齿化石，可以通过测定好像是牙齿上面的残留的植物的化石的来确定他们的活动。文章有6段，很长。最后文章结论说两种洞居的情况都有。结论是两种都有，通篇的结构是这样的：先讲hominid的活动有两种(如上所述)，再说现在科学家们发现的研究方法可以确定这个问题(具体介绍怎么用植物神马的，神马动物和一种物质来确定，其中有个单词ungulate可以查查，对理解文章有帮助)，最后讲述了这个方法的意义，结尾是研究结果——根据发现，两种行为都是存在的。

　　题目有削弱题，问什么finding会削弱说残留物可以让科学家得出结论，我选的是人不仅吃食草动物还吃食肉动物，觉得是有道理的，正是因为人类食物不单一，所以单一方面的研究不能有力证实结论的发现。

　　另外有一个highlight的题目，带一个meal字，问的是作者最同意选项里面那句。我选了最后一项，说通过检查化石，科学家知道动物死以前吃的是什么。那句高亮的句子大意是说“多亏了最后的晚餐”，就是说动物死之前吃的神马东西可以对研究作出项献。这题我同意原狗主人的观点。

　　之后我在网上找到了原文的摘要，因为是外文网，所以数据库进不去，这里附上摘要：

　　Abstract

　　Characterization of settlement patterns is one of the core concepts in archeological research. The duration of an occupation is usually estimated through zooarchaeology (e.g., density of remains, cementochronology) and is limited by taphonomic processes and sample size. We propose a new application of dental wear methods for estimating the relative duration of hominid settlements in Paleolithic sites. Dental microwear is known to be sensitive to seasonal changes in diet. In this new application we use microwear scratch counts to estimate the variation in the dietary signal of various ungulate species. We propose that this variation is correlated to the duration of site occupation. Each season presents a limited and different set of food resources available in the environment. If animals are sampled only during a specific season (i.e., during a short term occupation) then they would be expected to have a dental wear signal with little variation. On the other hand, a greater diversity of food is available across different seasons. Therore, if game animals are hunted through various seasons during long occupation periods, then they would be expected to have more variable dental wear. The application of this technique to the Middle Paleolithic site of Arago Cave (France), where various types of occupations occurred, supports this hypothesis. When combined with multidisciplinary studies of archaeological localities (seasonality in particular), this new application of dental wear analysis presents valuable information about hominid settlements and behavior. We contextualize our data with results from lithic and zooarchaeological analyses from Arago. These results reveal the presence of both high and low mobility groups of Homo heidelbergensis throughout the sequence of the Arago Cave.

　　摘要的原文很有很有很有很有可能是文章，因为摘要的内容和文章吻合到爆，更重要的是用词和句法完美吻合，看完这个hominid就不用愁了，单词也没有不认识的了~~~

　　参考资料

　　Tiny marks on the teeth of an ancient human ancestor known as the "Nutcracker Man" may upset current evolutionary understanding of early hominid diet.

　　Using high-powered microscopes, researchers looked at rough geometric shapes on the teeth of several Nutcracker Man specimens and determined that their structure alone was not enough to predict diet.

　　Peter Ungar, professor of anthropology at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, contends the finding shows evolutionary adaptation for eating may have been based on scarcity rather than on an animal&aposs regular diet.

　　"These findings totally run counter to what people have been saying for the last half a century," says Ungar. "We have to sit back and re-evaluate what we once thought."

　　Ungar and his colleagues, Frederick E. Grine of State University of New York at Stony Brook and Mark F. Teaford of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., reported their findings last week in the Public Library of Science One, a peer-reviewed, international, online journal. The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation.

　　The researchers examined the teeth of Paranthropus boisei, an ancient hominin that lived between 2.3 and 1.2 million years ago and is known popularly as the "Nutcracker Man" because it has the biggest, flattest cheek teeth and the thickest enamel of any known human ancestor.

　　"Ungar and colleagues&apos work on Paranthropus boisei diet is extremely important," says Joanna Lambert, physical anthropology program director at NSF. "Understanding what and how early hominins ate sheds light not only onto the feeding biology of our fossil ancestors, but also onto the very evolution of our own species."

　　Scientists long have believed that P. boisei fed on nuts and seeds or roots and tubers found in the savannas throughout eastern Africa because the teeth, cranium and mandible appear to be built for chewing and crunching hard objects.

　　But Ungar points out that the teeth only suggest "what P. boisei could eat, but not necessarily what it did eat."

　　Anthropologists have traditionally inferred the diet of ancient human ancestors by looking at the size and shape of the teeth and jaws. However, by using powerful microscopes to look at the patterns of wear on a tooth, scientists can get direct evidence of what the species actually ate.

　　Since food interacts with teeth, it leaves behind telltale signs that can be measured. Hard foods like nuts and seeds, for instance, lead to more complex tooth profiles, while tough foods like leaves lead to more parallel scratches.

　　Researchers compared dental microwear profiles of P. boisei to modern-day primates that eat different types of foods. P. boisei teeth were compared to those of the Old World Monkey species grey-cheeked mangabeys, and the New World Monkey species brown capuchin monkeys-both of these species consume mostly soft items but fall back on hard nuts or palm fronds.

　　Old World monkeys are found today in South and East Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Gibraltar at the southern tip of Spain. New World monkeys are found in tropical forest environments in southern Mexico, Central and South America.

　　P. boisei dental profiles also were compared to the New World mantled howling monkey and Old World silvered leaf monkey, which eat mostly leaves. Researchers also compared them to some of P. boisei&aposs more contemporary counterparts-Australopithecus africanus, which lived between 3.3 million and 2.3 million years ago, and Paranthropus robustus, which lived between 2 million and 1.5 million years ago.

　　The findings showed that P. boisei teeth had light wear, suggesting that none of the individuals ate extremely hard or tough foods in the days leading up to death. The pattern was more consistent with modern-day fruit-eating animals than with most modern-day primates.

　　"It looks more like they were eating Jell-O," Ungar said.

　　This finding, while contradictory to previous speculation on the diet of P. boisei, is in line with a paradox documented in fish. Liem&aposs Paradox states that animals may actively avoid eating the very foods they have developed adaptations for when they can find other food sources.

　　It appears the paradox may hold true for P. boisei and for some modern-day primates as well.

　　"If you give a gorilla a choice of eating fruit or a leaf, it will take the fruit every time," Ungar says. "But if you look at a gorilla&aposs skull, its sharp teeth are adapted to consuming tough leaves. They don&apost eat the leaves unless they have to."

　　Accordingly, the finding represents a fundamental shift in the way researchers look at the diets of early human ancestors.

　　"For many years, the perspective has been that the very large teeth and thick dental enamel of P. boisei were adaptations to consuming very hard food types year-round," says Lambert. "Such specialization has historically been viewed as a potential cause for this fossil species&apos extinction. The research team demonstrated that such generalizations require carul re-thinking, and that P. boisei was a more flexible feeder than has classically been viewed."

　　"This challenges the fundamental assumptions of why such specializations occur in nature," Ungar says. "It shows that animals can develop an extreme degree of specialization without the specialized object becoming a prerred resource."

　　以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容，考生朋友可以有选择的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助，但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。