GMAT阅读机经整理：美国苹果.

　　3月2日换库后，小编为大家整理这个月的GMAT阅读机经，这篇GMAT阅读机经是关于美国苹果的文章，考生朋友可以看看，下面的内容为考古内容，分享给大家，希望对大家有所帮助，文中观点仅供参考。

　　[V1]

　　有篇好像是GWD 里出现过的， 美国关于apple 的政策，组织之类的，很长

　　[V2]

　　苹果那篇文章比jj里多了一点

　　第二段开始balabalabala,Otherrugulations such as the XXX ACT …enables seller to manipulate price .(此处有题仔细读，问的是举这个ACT的作用,这个act与苹果无关，是关于政策帮助别的农产品的grower操控价格的，我记得选项a,这个政策比别的政策更适用于苹果行业，我选的是E,有一个关键词是ruglate貌似，实在想不起来了对不起= =)An alternative interpretation is that government involvement inapple marketing was a response to contract-enforcement problems arising as aresult of the emergence of the national apple industry. Selling a perishablecommodity over long distances was inherently problematic. First, qualitydeclined naturally during the transcontinental delivery. Second, both farmersand the railroad, through their actions during packing and shipment, couldaccelerate

　　[V3]

　　一个地方卖苹果，本来买卖双方直接交易市场化挺好的(- -)，后来政府立法，导致双方不能直接交易反而出现买卖欺骗之类的。(是在影射我大天朝么。。。)

　　[V4]

　　考了主旨：impetusto regulations of apple industry

　　考了提到文中一个什么什么Act的作用

　　考了1809和1930有什么不一样

　　考了Opportunist会干什么

　　考古已确认

　　美国的苹果业**

　　文言文 Golden 自行确认，数字都对口了=。=

　　V1 2009-11 XOXO简易版阅读(推荐)

　　1P 说从1890 到1930年(年数有可能不对)苹果的交易发生方式发生变化了，一开始，果农和buyer是face to face由生產者賣給消費者， 到这段时间的末期，加洲果农有了大量的甚么东西(类似于订单之类的，有一题的迷惑选项提到了这个)，开始变得很强大，苹果都是加州生产，然后贩卖到各州。他们的产品卖的很远了。由于什么原因，出了个什么Act(对这个act的产生原因有细节题)，使果农不受anti-trust法控制。一个甚么机构就要对这些运输的产品做检查(题目，1890年和1930年交易方式有甚么不一样了。我选了果农不能直接把东西卖给buyer了。那个迷惑选项是果农的订单变少了)之后出台了一个甚么法规，保护这种交易的公平性

　　2P苹果的质量变得不好。如果顾客发现苹果质量不好，果农和分销商都有责任;可能苹果质量本身不好，也可能是运输中损坏了苹果。这台法规的出现，有2个原因，一个认为能够增加grower的控制市场的能力。举了个例子，就像一个××Act能让manufacture manipulate price一样(题目，提到这个另一个法规的意思是)第二个原因 怎么样。接着作者对这个法规的作用提出了质疑(好像也有2点)，就是卖家说质量好，但是买家说质量不好，(题目，会有甚么推卸责任的)这样就有人钻这个空子(卖质量不好的苹果)，然后扯皮，贿赂官员。所以呢就出来了这些个机构出来调节这些个纠纷，然后这个整个苹果业就越来越规范了。后面这个第二点就是说起纠纷了有题，就问下面哪个situation是符合这个情况的，就是大家看的时候要注意细节这里的。

　　可能的考题汇总：

　　1 苹果种植在这个时间段先后的变化，第一段定位，我选的是种植的地区少了

　　2 主题：我选了对这个法规的评价 / discuss the imperus to regulation ......

　　3 1890年和1930年交易方式有甚么不一样了：我选了果农不能直接把东西卖给buyer了。那个迷惑选项是果农的订单变少了,类似于订单之类的

　　4 提到这个另一个法规的意思是：

　　5 会有甚么推卸责任的?

　　6 “文章所描述的opportunist 会干什么事情”或“下列那一種情形跟文中dishonest的情況一样”：A 明明是质量不好的苹果,说是装运时质量好的。

　　B (原文是说因为苹果会烂掉，所以卖家总说自己装上船的是好苹果，而买家老说自己拿到的是烂苹果，于是产生了一些投机行为。)这道题我选的是第三个“一些买家骗人说自己拿到的苹果是不好的，于是向卖家压价”。

　　7 Participants 多会不能保证buyer 和seller 的reputation , 下面那个情况能说明这一点：运输公司的责任导致货物损害

　　8 70 年代apple industry 除了哪个都是发生了的变化：

　　原文

　　Between 1890 and 1930, the U.S.

　　apple industry underwent a profound transformation. At the beginning of the period, apples were produced in a scattering of orchards through the Midwest and East, near consumers; commercial apples were sold in face to face transactions. At the end of the period, apples were grown commercially in a handful of orchards in the Midwest, the East, and, most importantly, in the Pacific states, and shipped to distant consumers. Commercial apple transactions became anonymous, taking place between buyers and sellers separated by long distances. By 1930, apple sales relied on federally legislated marketing institutions. Quality was specified by federal grading standard, and third party federal inspection services were available to verify quality prior to shipment or after delivery. Standard business practices were dictated by the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act of 1930, which clearly specified when buyers or seller could change contract terms, and the procedures they were required to follow when altering contracts.

　　An alternative interpretation is that government involvement in apple marketing was a response to contract-enforcement problems arising as a result of the emergence of the national apple industry. Selling a perishable commodity over long distances was inherently problematic. First, quality declined naturally during the transcontinental delivery. Second, both farmers and the railroad, through their actions during packing and shipment, could accelerate this natural deterioration. Together, these two complications made it possible for sellers to claim to have shipped high quality fruit and for buyers to claim that delivered quality was low regardless of actual quality. Verification of these claims was impossible. The inability to detect whether reports of low delivered quality resulted from a random act of nature, inattention, or fraud lt room for rent-seeking activity and opportunistic behavior.

　　Although the desire to avoid the negative consequences of a bad reputation encourages sellers and buyers to behave honestly, it may be impossible to develop a reputation when there are many buyers and sellers in the market. In such cases, when informal institutions become difficult to sustain, government or industry institutions may emerge. Quality certification and industry-dined minimum-quality standards are both fective methods for transmitting quality information from sellers to buyers. (Contract Evolution and institutional Innovation: Marketing Pacific-Grown Apples from 1890 to 1930)

　　两段，美国的apple问题，18XX年是大面积种植，face to face transaction, 19XX年后改为少数区域种植，远销各地，federal推出各种手段来控制apple质量，包括quality grading，装船后送货前质量检查，etc.||第二段讲这一列措施的explanation and fects。原因包括通过反垄断法防止卖方操纵价格等，弊端有苹果在装卸和长途运输过程中会出现自然出现质量下降，因此有卖方声称卖出高质量苹果买方却说买到的苹果低质量的问题。

　　第一题问哪一项不包括在这一些措施中。

　　以上就是关于美国苹果这篇GMAT阅读机经的全部内容，考生可以有选择的看看，机经虽好，但是也要适度哟。最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。